Corrections and Retractions

IJDDPI is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record. Where an error is identified in a published article that affects the interpretation of the work but does not invalidate its findings, the journal will publish a correction (erratum or corrigendum) linked to the original article. Where there is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable — as a result of major error, fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate publication, or unethical research — the article will be retracted in accordance with COPE Retraction Guidelines. Retracted articles remain available online, clearly marked as retracted, together with a retraction notice stating the reason. Where an investigation into suspected misconduct is ongoing or inconclusive, the journal may publish an expression of concern. Authors who identify a significant error in their own published work are expected to notify the editorial office promptly at editor@ijddpi.com.